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Regulation

What law changes will have the biggest impact on technology that will shape the future of humanity?

How will the laws of Nation States impact Network States progress?

Questions​

  • What is a fair cost for legal expertise/judgement?

Real World Assets​

What legal framework required for RWA Tokenization compliance?

Aim is to democratize access to the world's most valuable assets by tokenizing them on the blockchain.

  • Redemption Tokens
  • Fractional Interest

Securities​

Are NFTs Securities?

Product Solutions​

Risks​

Milestones​

Context​

How do laws spread internationally? Understanding influence mechanisms helps predict which regulations will become global standards.

The Rugby Ball Principle

Data regulation is about keeping the ball clean, fast, and open—not trapped in jurisdictional rucks.

Influence Hierarchy​

RankMechanismHow It WorksDominant Jurisdiction
1Brussels EffectMarket access forces global adoptionEU (GDPR, MiCA, AI Act)
2Capital MarketsAccess to US markets requires complianceUS (Securities, AML)
3CommonwealthPrecedential authority (persuasive, not binding)UK → AU, NZ, CA, SG, IN
4Soft LawPeer pressure, mutual evaluationsFATF (AML/CFT)

Domain-Specific Influence​

DomainDominantMechanismKey Laws
Data PrivacyEUBrussels EffectGDPR (de facto global standard)
Securities/CapitalUSMarket accessSecurities Act 1933, Howey Test
CryptoFragmentedCompeting standardsMiCA (EU), GENIUS Act (US)
AIContestedEU comprehensive vs US sectoralEU AI Act vs EO 14179
AML/CFTFATFSoft lawTravel Rule (73% jurisdictions)

Key Global Laws​

Artificial Intelligence​

LawJurisdictionDateKey ProvisionsStatusSource
EU AI ActEU2024 (GPAI rules Aug 2025)Risk-based framework, high-risk system requirements, GPAI obligationsEnactedEUR-Lex
Executive Order 14179USJan 2025Revoked EO 14110, pro-innovation shiftEnactedWhite House
Online Safety ActUK2023 (enforced 2025)Platform liability, applies to GenAIEnactedlegislation.gov.uk
Interim Measures for GenAIChinaAug 2023First admin regulation for GenAI, content moderationEnactedCAC

Cryptocurrency & Digital Assets​

LawJurisdictionDateKey ProvisionsStatusSource
MiCAEUFull effect Jan 2025CASP licensing, stablecoin reserves, AML, extraterritorialEnactedEUR-Lex
GENIUS ActUSJuly 2025First federal stablecoin framework, 100% reserves, $10B federal thresholdEnactedCongress.gov
CLARITY ActUSHouse passed 2025Digital commodities classification, CFTC/SEC jurisdictionProposedCongress.gov
DLT ActSwitzerlandAug 2021Blockchain-enabling legal framework, DLT rightsEnactedFedlex
Payment Services ActSingapore2019, amended 2024-25Enhanced VASP requirements, stablecoin frameworkEnactedSSO
Virtual Assets LawBrazil2022, BCB rules 2025SPSAV licensing, segregation of assetsEnactedBCB
PTSRUAEJune 2024Local stablecoin payments only, CBUAE licensedEnactedCBUAE
Digital Assets Framework BillAustraliaNov 2025Platform licensing, 18-month transitionProposedlegislation.gov.au

Data Privacy​

LawJurisdictionDateKey ProvisionsStatusSource
GDPREUMay 2018De facto global standard, extraterritorial, €20M/4% finesEnactedEUR-Lex
Digital OmnibusEUNov 2025GDPR simplification, AI integration, DSAR reformsProposedEC
Digital Services ActEU2022Platform liability, content moderationEnactedEUR-Lex
Digital Markets ActEU2022Big tech gatekeepers, interoperabilityEnactedEUR-Lex
CCPACalifornia/USJan 2020De facto US standard, consumer rightsEnactedCA Legislature
PIPLChinaNov 2021China's GDPR equivalent, data localizationEnactedNPC

Securities & Capital Formation​

LawJurisdictionDateKey ProvisionsStatusSource
Securities Act 1933US1933Foundation for token securities analysisEnactedSEC
Howey TestUS1946Investment contract definition (SEC v. Howey)Case lawSEC
Dodd-Frank ActUS2010Post-crisis financial regulationEnactedSEC
DLT Pilot RegimeEU2023Tokenized securities sandboxEnactedEUR-Lex

Anti-Money Laundering​

LawJurisdictionDateKey ProvisionsStatusSource
FATF Rec 15/16 (Travel Rule)International2019 updatesVASP requirements, 73% jurisdictions compliantSoft lawFATF
BSA Travel RuleUS1970s, crypto 2019$3,000 threshold (differs from FATF $1,000)EnactedFinCEN

Regulatory Bodies Quick Reference​

DomainUSEUUKSingapore
Securities/TokensSECESMAFCAMAS
CommoditiesCFTCESMAFCAMAS
Crypto/VASPSEC/CFTC/FinCENESMA (MiCA)FCAMAS
StablecoinsOCC/FedEBABoEMAS
AML/CFTFinCENNational FIUsFCAMAS
Data PrivacyFTC (+ states)EDPBICOPDPC
AIFTC/SectorsEC (AI Act)OfcomIMDA

DePIN Regulatory Frontier​

DePIN creates new regulatory challenges—decentralized networks managing physical infrastructure blur traditional jurisdictional boundaries.

Key questions unresolved:

  • Who is liable when a decentralized network fails?
  • How do securities laws apply to infrastructure tokens?
  • What AML obligations apply to permissionless protocols?
  • How do data sovereignty laws apply to distributed storage?

Emerging approaches:

  • Switzerland's DLT Act provides most advanced framework
  • EU MiCA applies to CASPs but unclear on pure protocols
  • US applying existing frameworks (SEC/CFTC) case-by-case
  • Singapore MAS taking innovation-friendly approach

Watch: Industry calls for DePIN-specific regulation signal inflection point.

AI Agents & Regulation​

  • What agents exist? What is required to train them?
  • What industry specialities are best to target?
  • How will AI-to-AI commerce on crypto rails be regulated?

Attachments​