Alpha
The capacity of an investment strategy to beat the market, or its edge, is referred to as alpha.
Alpha is also known as excess return or abnormal rate of return, which alludes to the assumption that markets are efficient and that there is no way to systematically achieve returns that are higher than the general market.
The Greek letter beta (which reflects the wide market's overall volatility or risk, known as systematic market risk) is frequently employed in conjunction with alpha.
Information Asymmetry
When one party in a transaction is in possession of more information than the other